Map of Mars

 

August 7, 2003: It's not every day you get to watch a planetary ice cap vanish, but this month you can. All you need are clear skies, a backyard telescope, and a sky map leading to Mars.

Actually, you won't need the sky map because Mars is so bright and easy to find.

Just look south between midnight and dawn on any clear night this month. Mars is that eye-catching red star, outshining everything around it. It's getting brighter every night as Earth and Mars converge for a close encounter on August 27th.

Above: Amateur astronomer Thomas Williamson of New Mexico took this picture of Mars on August 1st. He used an 8-inch telescope and a digital web camera. [more]

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Mars has gotten so big in recent weeks that even a backyard telescope will show details on the planet's surface: dust clouds, volcanic terrains, impact basins. Best of all is the south polar cap. Made of frozen CO₂ or "dry ice," it reflects more sunlight than any other part of the planet. The southern hemisphere of Mars is tipped toward Earth and the bright cap is remarkably easy to see.

Don't wait too long to look, though, because the ice will soon be gone.

Like Earth, Mars has seasons that cause its polar caps to wax and wane. "It's late spring at the south pole of Mars," says planetary scientist Dave Smith of the Goddard Space Flight Center. "The polar cap is receding because the springtime sun is shining on it."

As the cap shrinks it develops rifts, dark spots, and a ragged border. Lately, for instance, amateur astronomers using 8-inch and larger telescopes have been watching a frosty mountain range emerge from the ice. Says Smith, "these are the Mountains of Mitchel"--named after the Ohio astronomer who first spotted them 150 years ago. A bold dark rift called Rimas Australis cuts through the polar ice just south of those mountains. (These features are visible in Thomas Williamson's photograph of Mars at the beginning of this story.)

Something else to look for is the "Cryptic region"--a dark zone hundreds of km wide. Even after the ice above it recedes, the Cryptic region remains remarkably cold according to infra-red cameras onboard NASA's Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. No one is sure what the Cryptic region is, "but it's probably big enough to see from Earth," notes Smith.

Left: A brightness map of the martian south pole one Mars-year ago. The Cryptic region is the blue-green area around the 4 o'clock position. Reds and yellows denote frozen CO2. This map was created by Dave Smith using data from the 1 micron detector of the laser altimeter onboard Mars Global Surveyor. [enlarge]

Here's an amazing fact: The seasonal polar caps are made of martian air that freezes during winter. Depending on the time of year, more than a quarter of the martian atmosphere can be found lying on the ground around the poles. (The atmosphere is 95% CO₂; that's why the seasonal polar caps are made of dry ice.)

As seasons come and go, carbon dioxide shifts back and forth--lying on the ground during cold months, floating through the air during warmer months. The world-wide air pressure rises and falls by 25%.

For comparison, the air pressure inside a hurricane on Earth is often only a few percent lower than ambient. You can experience a full 25% difference in pressure by traveling from sea level to the top of a 9000 ft (3000 m) mountain. Just try running a 100 yard dash up there.

Right: The ups and downs of air pressure on Mars recorded by NASA's Viking Landers. [more]

The south polar cap is vaporizing now, which means CO₂ is rushing back into the atmosphere. "Remember, though," adds Smith, "there are two polar caps on Mars--north and south. While the south polar cap is vaporizing the north polar cap is growing. It's a balancing act. Overall air pressure will be greatest when there's the least amount of CO₂ on the ground." The next such peak is due in early October--that is, early southern summer on Mars.

The boost in pressure has some interesting consequences. It won't make the martian atmosphere thick by Earth-standards. At best the air pressure on Mars is 100 times less than Earth. But it might become thick enough in some places for liquid water to flow.

NASA spacecraft have detected frozen water beneath the surface of Mars. Liquid water, on the other hand, is scarce. Why? On a warm summer day, ice doesn't melt, it vaporizes--skipping directly from solid to gas. This happens because the air pressure is so low. But a small boost in pressure could be enough to allow ice to melt and water to flow under a warm summer sun. Southern summer, therefore, might be a good time for future human explorers to visit. (For more information read Science@NASA's Making a Splash on Mars.)

On the other hand, thicker air also encourages dust storms, which are a big problem on Mars. Small dust clouds stirred by sun-warmed winds sometimes grow to encircle the entire planet. In 2001 such a storm lasted for months and frustrated astronomers who couldn't see through the haze.

Will that happen again this year? No one knows.

Below: In early August, look for bright Mars rising above the southeastern horizon after 10 p.m.. The planet is even easier to find between midnight and dawn, when it hangs high and bright in the southern sky. (These instructions apply to observers at mid-northern latitudes.)

When the seasonal polar cap finally vanishes, Smith recommends looking for the permanent polar cap. "The permanent cap is made of frozen water hiding beneath the seasonal cap of CO₂," he explains. While the seasonal cap is wide-ranging (90^o to 60^o latitude) and shallow (only 1-meter deep), the permanent cap is compact and about 3-km deep. "It harbors a mass of water comparable to the mass of the martian moon Phobos." To amateur astronomers peering through telescopes, the water-ice cap will look like a tight white knot within 10^o latitude of the pole.

Dark "cryptic" spots. Mountainous rifts. A treasure trove of water. There's a lot to look for around the south pole of Mars. Grab a telescope and see for yourself!

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Editor's note: In this story we talk about the martian polar caps "melting" or "vaporizing." That's not exactly right. A physicist would say more accurately "the polar caps are subliming." In other words, the frozen CO₂--better known as "dry ice"--transforms directly from a solid to a gas without going through an intermediate liquid phase.

Author: Dr. Tony Phillips  Responsible NASA official: John M. Horac	Production Editor: Dr. Tony Phillips  Curator: Bryan Walls  Media Relations: Steve Roy
The Science and Technology Directorate at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center sponsors the Science@NASA web sites. The mission of Science@NASA is to help the public understand how exciting NASA research is and to help NASA scientists fulfill their outreach responsibilities.